PRE HISTORIC AGES AND CULTURES

     

PRE HISTORI AGESAND CULTURES

                                     Pre-historic Culture 

 

 

Culture- living patterns/way of life/what you are

Civilization- what you have.Adavancement in materialistic development

Features of civilizati

    1)urban life

                                                             2)sclipt 

                            3)sophesticated technology

                            4)materalistic development

                     5)incresing use of metal

First civilization of India is Indus Valley Civilization[2500 b.c.]

                                             image1. glimpse of indus vallay civilization

The classification of ancient period on the basis script is 2 types

1)Pre-historic period

2)historic period

PRE-HISTORIC AGE -The period where no scripts and records not by any historians.

HISTORIC AGE-The age studied by historian.

*archeologists name the culture based on metals are:

                                     1)Old stone age

                                    2)Middle stone age

                                    3)New stone age

 First metal used by human being is COPPER used to prepare weapons,coins,tools etc.Simultaneous use of stone and copper leads to fourth culture called COPPER STONE AGE.

Bronze age culture 

 Bronze is an alloy [copper+tin]

Iron age culture 

IN historians perspective Iron age is called as ARYAN CIVILIZATION.

The first fair culture are came under pre-historic cultures.

IRON AGES FOUND SOME WEAPONS BY ARYANS

Paleolithic culture [old stone age]

Bori caves:First evidence of human being in India.[1.4 millions year ago]

Pallavaram: First paleolithic culture site (1863) .  

                    ROBERT BRUCE FOOTA  British Archeologist identified the pallavaram site.

*Archeological Survey of India - Established in 1861 

First director general is ALEXANDER CUNNIGHAM .

Tools: QUARTAZITE is used to made all types of tools like blades,hand axes,flakes,breeds,scarpads etc....

PALEOLITHIC AGE LIVING

 

Races: Homosapien [human being wih thinking capacity]

       i)Food hunting(animals hunting) and food gathering are sources of economy.

      ii)Village communities were not found.People were lived as a Bands.

     iii)Pleistociene conditions (extreme cold conditions)

     iv)Culture is determine by geography.

     v)Thousands of settlements were found at coastal areas except kerala.

PALEOLITHIC AGE ANIMAL HUNTIG IS ONLY SOURCE OF SURVIVAL

Mesolithic cultures [middle stone age]

Man was so happy in this period because of comfartable conditions for living.

*Holocene conditions (warming conditions)

*Domestication of animal

First Domestication of animals are found in two sites i) ADAMGAR [madhya pradesh] ii0BARGOR [rajasthan]

firstly domestication of animal in MESOLITHIC AGE

*Construction of houses 

First house in India- SARAI NAHARRAI [utter pradesh]

*Pottery

Mesolithic mans started making pots.

First pot (hand made) in the world- CHOPANIMANDO [utter pradesh]

*Microliths

The stone tools made by mesolithic men were too small in range[1cm to 8cm] so these are called microliths .

BHIMBETKA- Mesolithic site in M.P. (narmada region) so many paintings were found on the walls of rocks. This is one of the earliest art in the world . UNESCO recognised as World Heritage Centre.

bhimbetka near Bhopal (Madhya pradesh)

                                              

 JANTAR-MANTAR - In Jaipur is also recognised as World Heritage Centre recently by UNESCO, which was built by JAI SINGH II in 18th centurey.

jantar mantar Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Neolithic culture [new stone age]

Agriculture- North India:Wheat,Barley

                      South India:Raji,Horse grain

*Mehargarh(pakistan)

First to take up agriculture in Indian Subcontinent.

Mehargarh people invented Cotten,Potter Wheel first time in the world .

*Koldehwa

First evidence of Rice in the world .

Radio Carbon is used to find the dates of only organic materials. Half time decay of Radio Carbon is 5568 years.

*Burzahom

Large no. of part [houses under the earth] were found.

*Chiran

large no of tools were found .

*Karnataka sites

Maski,Piklihal,Tekkelakota,Sanganakallu (some gold and ornaments were found)

*Andhra pradesh- Nagrajuna konda

*Tamil nadu- Piyomapally

*Assam- Daojali hading

Chalcolithic Culture[copper stone age]

Copper (3000 BC)

 Bronze (2500 BC)

 Iron (1000-1100 BC)

DAIMABAD SITE OF MAHARASTRA

 

Most of the sites found at Rajasthan because it is large source of copper. Some sites are AHAR,GULING,BALATHAL,THAMBAVATI.

Malwa region- Kajatha,Navadatoli

Maharashtra-More than 200 sites some are JORWE,INAM GAM,CHANDOLI,DAIMABAD 

 **** DAIMABAD

       population 4000

       Cementry- Buraial Groun (here skeletons does not have feets)

        Infent Morality rate (IMR) is very high [deaths of one year below children )

         People of Daimabad has no diary technology.