INDUS VALLEY CIVILAZITION
Different Names
HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION- Harappa is the site of civilization because it is first site discoverd(1921) in entire civilizatio.
>Bronze age civilization
>Proto historic civilization
This civilization had script ,but it is not studied by any archaeologist ,so it is called proto-historic.
There are another three important civilization contemporary to the Indus Vally Civilization in the world.
i)SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION {MESOPOTAMIA}- Land between two rivers those are Tigris and Eupratese.
ii)EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION{NILE VALLEY}
iii)CHINESE CIVILIZATION{HWANG HO VALLEY}
 |
| ELEMENTS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION |
*total area of civilization - 1.3 million sq. km
RACES OF IVC
Archaelogist discovered four different races of people were built this civilization.
i) Mongoloits
ii)Proto-Astroloits
iii)Albinoids
iv)Medeterrinean/Dravidians
North-Indians Languages- Aryan group of language
South-Indians Languages-Dravidians group of language
Imporatant cities of Indus valley civilization
Total- 1400 sites
India-900 sites
Pakistan-500
Mohanjodaro means 'mound of dead' (sindhi)
Lothal means 'mound of dead' (gujrati)
Imporatant characterisitcs of Indus valley civilazation
*Town planning
Every citity is devided into two parts:Upper(citadel) and Lower
*Bholvira the only city wad divided into 3 parts
THE CITIES BUILT ON GRID PATTERN {chess board pattern}
 |
| THIS IS THE PATTERN |
Chandigarh is the only city buit on Grid Pattern in India.
Every city in Indus valley civilization is built on Grid pattern except BANAVALI
*Underground Drainage system along with manhole.
*Every city had this Drainage system except BANAVALI
 |
| THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM |
 |
| GLIMSE IN HARRAPAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM |
SOCIAL STRUCTUREOF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Society is class divided based on wealth.
Class - Mobility is allowed
Caste-Mobility is not allowed
JOHN MARSHALL-Director general of ASI at the time of Indus Valley Excavation.
*According to him Indus society is Matriaschal society
ie. Mother is head of family
*Religion is the reflextion of society.
Indus vally civilization society was highly matured.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
It is difficult to studey
D.D.KUSHUMBHI-The preist class people are rulers of society
R.S.SHARMA-He was rejected this hypothesis, because there were no religious symbols(temples)in harappan civilization. Of preist were the rulers then they definately build temples which reflects their religious culture.According to him Merchants were rulers.
ECONOMY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Agrarian econmy
Economy to which Agriculture is backbone .
Important fooed- Barley and Wheat
Commercial crops-Cotten and Mustard
Rice was rarely cultivated
In Lothal ,a Rice grain was found
In Rangapur, Rice hooks was found
*Plough usage evidances were found in two places
i)Thalibangan-Furrows [a field which has plough marks ]
ii)Banavali-Terrakota replica of plough.
*Evidences of Horses
i)Lothal- [a doubtful terrakota horse were found]
ii)Surkotado(Gujarat)- skeleton of horse was found
INDUSTRIES
*Cotton industries
*Brick industries
*Metalogical industries(copper and bronze)
*Ship indusrries(only at lothal)
*Jwellary industries(bread and shells ornaments) located in only three sites CHANHUDARO,LOTHAL,BHOLAVALA
TRADE AND BARTER
*Treade i)International ii)Iternal
*SUMERIA is important trading partner.
*The Indus valley seals were found in Mesopatamia.
*Seal-The small pieces of steatite(1cm)
 |
| BREADS AND SEAL ORANAMENTS |
*Seal consists the pictographs,animals etc
*4000 seals were found in Sumeria
*Shape- rectangle and square.
Mesopotamian seals were alaways Cylindrcal shape
Mohanjodaro - 3 seals of Mesopotamia were found.
Indian cotten were found in UMMA.
In 2300, SINDON(means cotton) from Meluha.
Mesopotamia cripts were in cuneiform.
Barter system-Exchanging the good.
RELIOUS BELIEFS OF HARRAPAN CIVILIZATION PEOPLE
*Mother Goddess
 |
| mother goddess |
*Pashupati mahadeva
In Mohanjodaro, a seal was found ,consists the Pashupati Mhadeva Image (3heads and two horms) surrounded by animals
In the opinion of John Marshall was Proto-Shiva and most of schollers accepted it.
*Evidence of linga-yoni
*Bull, snake, trees worshipped
*Clear evidence of rituals along with animal slattering.
*Large numbers of Amulests(palismans) were found in many sites .
CAUSES FOR THE END OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Opinions of different scholers
*Mortimum Wheeler - He said ARYANS INVASIONS
Evidence-13 skeletons were found at one place (including women and children) those are scattered and has some knife marks.
Many scholers opposed this because Aryans came to India in 1500 B.C.
*Some scholers said Flood were the cause of end of Indus valley civilization.
*Earth-quackes
*Drying of rivers or the direction of flow of river was change.
Today,Indus river is 40 km away from the Mohanjodaro but in ancient period , this city was built in the bank of Indus .
*Ecological Degradation- Indiscriminant use of natural resoureces.
No comments:
Post a Comment