INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

INDUS VALLEY CIVILAZITION                  

Different Names

HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION- Harappa is the site of civilization because it is first site discoverd(1921) in entire civilizatio.

>Bronze age civilization

>Proto historic civilization

This civilization had script ,but it is not studied by any archaeologist ,so it is called proto-historic.

There are another three important civilization contemporary to the Indus Vally Civilization in the world.

i)SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION {MESOPOTAMIA}- Land between two rivers those are Tigris and Eupratese.

ii)EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION{NILE VALLEY}

iii)CHINESE CIVILIZATION{HWANG HO VALLEY}

ELEMENTS OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

*total area of civilization - 1.3 million sq. km

 

RACES OF IVC 

Archaelogist discovered four different races of people were built this civilization.

i) Mongoloits

ii)Proto-Astroloits

iii)Albinoids

iv)Medeterrinean/Dravidians

North-Indians Languages- Aryan group of language

South-Indians Languages-Dravidians group of language

 Imporatant cities of Indus valley civilization

Total- 1400 sites 

India-900 sites

Pakistan-500

Mohanjodaro means 'mound of dead' (sindhi)

Lothal means 'mound of dead' (gujrati)

Imporatant characterisitcs of Indus valley civilazation

*Town planning

Every citity is devided into two parts:Upper(citadel) and Lower

 

*Chanhudaro the onlycity doesn't had citadel
*Bholvira the only city wad divided into 3 parts





                                        

THE CITIES BUILT ON GRID PATTERN {chess board pattern}

THIS IS THE PATTERN

Chandigarh is the only city buit on Grid Pattern in India.

Every city in Indus valley civilization is built on Grid pattern except BANAVALI

*Underground Drainage system along with manhole.

*Every city had this Drainage system except BANAVALI

THE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

GLIMSE IN HARRAPAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM

SOCIAL STRUCTUREOF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Society is class divided based on wealth.

Class - Mobility is allowed

Caste-Mobility is not allowed

JOHN MARSHALL-Director general of ASI at the time of Indus Valley Excavation.

*According to him Indus society is Matriaschal society

ie. Mother is head of family

*Religion is the reflextion of society.

Indus vally civilization society was highly matured.

POLITICAL SYSTEM

It is difficult to studey

D.D.KUSHUMBHI-The preist class people are rulers of society

R.S.SHARMA-He was rejected this hypothesis, because there were no religious symbols(temples)in harappan civilization. Of preist were the rulers then they definately build temples which reflects their religious culture.According to him Merchants were rulers.

ECONOMY OF INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Agrarian econmy

Economy to which Agriculture is backbone .

Important fooed- Barley and Wheat

Commercial crops-Cotten and Mustard

Rice was rarely cultivated 

In Lothal ,a Rice grain was found 

In Rangapur, Rice hooks was found 

*Plough usage evidances were found in two places 

i)Thalibangan-Furrows [a field which has plough marks ]

ii)Banavali-Terrakota replica of plough.

*Evidences of Horses

i)Lothal- [a doubtful terrakota horse were found]

ii)Surkotado(Gujarat)- skeleton of horse was found

INDUSTRIES

*Cotton industries 

*Brick industries 

*Metalogical industries(copper and bronze)

*Ship indusrries(only at lothal)

*Jwellary industries(bread and shells ornaments) located in only three sites CHANHUDARO,LOTHAL,BHOLAVALA

 TRADE AND BARTER

*Treade i)International ii)Iternal

*SUMERIA is important trading partner.

*The Indus valley seals were found in Mesopatamia.

*Seal-The small pieces of steatite(1cm)

BREADS AND SEAL ORANAMENTS

*Seal consists the pictographs,animals etc

*4000 seals were found in Sumeria 

*Shape- rectangle and square. 

Mesopotamian seals were alaways Cylindrcal shape 

Mohanjodaro - 3 seals of Mesopotamia were found.

Indian cotten were found in UMMA.

In 2300, SINDON(means cotton) from Meluha.

Mesopotamia cripts were in cuneiform.

Barter system-Exchanging the good.

RELIOUS BELIEFS OF HARRAPAN CIVILIZATION PEOPLE

*Mother Goddess

mother goddess

*Pashupati mahadeva

In Mohanjodaro, a seal was found ,consists the Pashupati Mhadeva Image (3heads and two horms) surrounded  by animals 

In the opinion of John Marshall was Proto-Shiva and most of schollers accepted it.

*Evidence of linga-yoni

*Bull, snake, trees worshipped 

*Clear evidence of rituals along with animal slattering.

*Large numbers of Amulests(palismans) were found in many sites .

CAUSES FOR THE END OF INDUS  VALLEY CIVILIZATION

Opinions of different scholers

*Mortimum Wheeler - He said ARYANS INVASIONS

 Evidence-13 skeletons were found at one place (including women and children) those are scattered and has some knife marks.

Many scholers opposed this because Aryans came to India in 1500 B.C.

*Some scholers said Flood were the cause of end of Indus valley civilization.

*Earth-quackes

*Drying of rivers or the direction of flow of river was change.

Today,Indus river is 40 km away from the Mohanjodaro but in ancient period , this city was built in the bank of Indus .

*Ecological Degradation- Indiscriminant use of natural resoureces.

PRE HISTORIC AGES AND CULTURES

     

PRE HISTORI AGESAND CULTURES

                                     Pre-historic Culture 

 

 

Culture- living patterns/way of life/what you are

Civilization- what you have.Adavancement in materialistic development

Features of civilizati

    1)urban life

                                                             2)sclipt 

                            3)sophesticated technology

                            4)materalistic development

                     5)incresing use of metal

First civilization of India is Indus Valley Civilization[2500 b.c.]

                                             image1. glimpse of indus vallay civilization

The classification of ancient period on the basis script is 2 types

1)Pre-historic period

2)historic period

PRE-HISTORIC AGE -The period where no scripts and records not by any historians.

HISTORIC AGE-The age studied by historian.

*archeologists name the culture based on metals are:

                                     1)Old stone age

                                    2)Middle stone age

                                    3)New stone age

 First metal used by human being is COPPER used to prepare weapons,coins,tools etc.Simultaneous use of stone and copper leads to fourth culture called COPPER STONE AGE.

Bronze age culture 

 Bronze is an alloy [copper+tin]

Iron age culture 

IN historians perspective Iron age is called as ARYAN CIVILIZATION.

The first fair culture are came under pre-historic cultures.

IRON AGES FOUND SOME WEAPONS BY ARYANS

Paleolithic culture [old stone age]

Bori caves:First evidence of human being in India.[1.4 millions year ago]

Pallavaram: First paleolithic culture site (1863) .  

                    ROBERT BRUCE FOOTA  British Archeologist identified the pallavaram site.

*Archeological Survey of India - Established in 1861 

First director general is ALEXANDER CUNNIGHAM .

Tools: QUARTAZITE is used to made all types of tools like blades,hand axes,flakes,breeds,scarpads etc....

PALEOLITHIC AGE LIVING

 

Races: Homosapien [human being wih thinking capacity]

       i)Food hunting(animals hunting) and food gathering are sources of economy.

      ii)Village communities were not found.People were lived as a Bands.

     iii)Pleistociene conditions (extreme cold conditions)

     iv)Culture is determine by geography.

     v)Thousands of settlements were found at coastal areas except kerala.

PALEOLITHIC AGE ANIMAL HUNTIG IS ONLY SOURCE OF SURVIVAL

Mesolithic cultures [middle stone age]

Man was so happy in this period because of comfartable conditions for living.

*Holocene conditions (warming conditions)

*Domestication of animal

First Domestication of animals are found in two sites i) ADAMGAR [madhya pradesh] ii0BARGOR [rajasthan]

firstly domestication of animal in MESOLITHIC AGE

*Construction of houses 

First house in India- SARAI NAHARRAI [utter pradesh]

*Pottery

Mesolithic mans started making pots.

First pot (hand made) in the world- CHOPANIMANDO [utter pradesh]

*Microliths

The stone tools made by mesolithic men were too small in range[1cm to 8cm] so these are called microliths .

BHIMBETKA- Mesolithic site in M.P. (narmada region) so many paintings were found on the walls of rocks. This is one of the earliest art in the world . UNESCO recognised as World Heritage Centre.

bhimbetka near Bhopal (Madhya pradesh)

                                              

 JANTAR-MANTAR - In Jaipur is also recognised as World Heritage Centre recently by UNESCO, which was built by JAI SINGH II in 18th centurey.

jantar mantar Jaipur (Rajasthan)

Neolithic culture [new stone age]

Agriculture- North India:Wheat,Barley

                      South India:Raji,Horse grain

*Mehargarh(pakistan)

First to take up agriculture in Indian Subcontinent.

Mehargarh people invented Cotten,Potter Wheel first time in the world .

*Koldehwa

First evidence of Rice in the world .

Radio Carbon is used to find the dates of only organic materials. Half time decay of Radio Carbon is 5568 years.

*Burzahom

Large no. of part [houses under the earth] were found.

*Chiran

large no of tools were found .

*Karnataka sites

Maski,Piklihal,Tekkelakota,Sanganakallu (some gold and ornaments were found)

*Andhra pradesh- Nagrajuna konda

*Tamil nadu- Piyomapally

*Assam- Daojali hading

Chalcolithic Culture[copper stone age]

Copper (3000 BC)

 Bronze (2500 BC)

 Iron (1000-1100 BC)

DAIMABAD SITE OF MAHARASTRA

 

Most of the sites found at Rajasthan because it is large source of copper. Some sites are AHAR,GULING,BALATHAL,THAMBAVATI.

Malwa region- Kajatha,Navadatoli

Maharashtra-More than 200 sites some are JORWE,INAM GAM,CHANDOLI,DAIMABAD 

 **** DAIMABAD

       population 4000

       Cementry- Buraial Groun (here skeletons does not have feets)

        Infent Morality rate (IMR) is very high [deaths of one year below children )

         People of Daimabad has no diary technology.